OHIO BIRD RECORDS COMMITTEE: ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE BIRDS OF OHIO

OBRC Review List Species Update
March 1, 2022 through December 26, 2025

The 2022 edition of the OBRC Annotated Checklist had a cutoff date of February 28, 2022 for Acceptance of Review List records. Since that date, the OBRC has continued to evaluate such records, which are
updated here. Other significant decisions made by the Committee since that date are also listed below, as are changes in nomenclature as determined by the American Ornithological Society through the 2025
supplement.

As of December 26, 2025, the OBRC official state list stands at 454 species. Species added since publication of the Annotated Checklist are listed below in bold.

Black-bellied Whistling-Duck: First Ohio nesting record Accepted from Wayne Co., 2022.  The species should now be considered a “*2” species.

Cinnamon Teal: About 14 Ohio records, six Accepted by the OBRC since 1991.  Most recent:  16 March 2025.

King Eider: Numerous records, 13 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  9-18 November 2023.

Common Eider: At least four records, three Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  18-20 December 2022.

Barrow’s Goldeneye: At least 10 records, five Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 14-19 February 2025.

American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) 2: One record: 1 September 2023, Warren Co.  Accepted to the state list December 2023.  Two individuals brought north by Hurricane Idalia, part of a widespread movement.  Insert between Ring-necked Pheasant and Pied-billed Grebe.

Western Grebe: Numerous records, 15 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 29-31 May 2024.

Doves and pigeons: The AOS changed the checklist order of these species in August 2025.  Ohio species should now be ordered: Common Ground Dove, White-winged Dove, Mourning Dove, Passenger Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-Dove, Rock Pigeon.

Groove-billed Ani: Five records, one Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 4 October 2024.

Black-chinned Hummingbird: Three records, all since 2020.  Most recent: 29 October-22 November 2025.

Anna’s Hummingbird: Three records, all since 2005.  Most recent:  23 October-17 November 2024.

Calliope Hummingbird: Four records, all since 2002.  Most recent: 24-25 October 2024.

Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cyanthus latirostris) 1: One record:  4-20 November 2022, Medina Co.  Accepted to the state list February 2023.  At a residential feeder, later found deceased.  Insert between Allen’s Hummingbird and Limpkin.

Limpkin, cranes, and rails: In 2025, the AOS changed the checklist order of the families in Gruiformes to this sequence.

Limpkin: 20 Accepted records, all since 2019.  Most recent: 24 August-1 September 2025.

Purple Gallinule: Numerous records, 19 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  11-12 September 2023.

Black Rail: Numerous records, five Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  17 August 2022.

Plovers and Lapwings: The AOS changed the checklist order of these species in July 2024.  Ohio species should now be ordered Black-bellied Plover, American Golden-Plover, Killdeer, Semipalmated Plover, Piping Plover, Northern Lapwing, Wilson’s Plover, Snowy Plover.

Wilson’s Plover: New binomial name as of July 2024 is Anarhynchus wilsonia.

Snowy Plover: New binomial name as of July 2024 is Anarhynchus nivosus.

Ruff: Numerous records, 28 Accepted since 1991.  Now removed from the Review List.

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper: Five records, four Accepted since 1990.  Most recent:  27 November 2022.

Curlew Sandpiper: Ten records, six Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 21-22 May 2023.

Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis) 2: One record, 28 September-1 October 2025, Lorain Impoundment, Lorain Co.  Accepted to the state list December 2025 based on photographic evidence.  Insert between Greater Yellowlegs and Wilson’s Phalarope.

Long-tailed Jaeger: Numerous records, 18 Accepted since 1991.  Now removed from the Review List.

Ancient Murrelet: Two records: 28 March 1951, Erie/Ottawa cos.; 21-23 December 2023, Lorain Co.

Terns and gulls: In 2025, the AOS changed the checklist order of subfamilies in Laridae to this sequence.

Least Tern: Numerous records, 23 Accepted since 1991.  Now removed from the Review List.

Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) 2: One record: 5-9 July 2024, Huron Harbor, Erie Co.  Accepted to the state list November 2024 based on photographic evidence.  Insert between Black Tern and Common Tern.

Arctic Tern: Four records, three Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 14 June 2023.

Heermann’s Gull: Four records, likely involving two individuals.  Most recent:  23 June-15 July 2023.

Common Gull (Larus canus) 2: Two records: 30 December 2022-2 January 2023, Cuyahoga Co.; 11 March 2023, Lorain Co.  Accepted to the state list February 2023 based on photographic evidence.  Insert between Heermann’s Gull and Short-billed Gull. 

Short-billed Gull: At least 13 records, ten Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 14 January 2025.

American Herring Gull: Split by the AOS in August 2025, resulting in new common name and new binomial Larus smithsonianus.

Slaty-backed Gull: Four records, all since 2019.  Most recent:  24 February-24 March 2023.

Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens) 2: Three Accepted records, most recent:  5-9 March 2023.  Accepted to the state list February 2023 based on photographic evidence.  Insert between Slaty-backed Gull and Glaucous Gull.

Wood Stork: At least 19 records, 15 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: ~17 August-8 September 2024.  Now removed from the Review List.

Northern Gannet: Numerous records, 19 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 7-8 December 2024.

Great Cormorant: Nine Accepted records, all since 2016.  Most recent: 19-23 March 2022.

Ibises and spoonbills, pelicans, and herons: In 2025, the AOS changed the checklist order of families in Pelicaniformes to this sequence.

American White Pelican: First Ohio nesting record Accepted from Erie Co., 2023.  This species should now be considered a “*1” species.

Bitterns, herons, and egrets: The AOS changed the checklist order of these species in July 2024.  Ohio species should now be ordered Least Bittern, American Bittern, Little Blue Heron, Tricolored Heron, Reddish Egret, Snowy Egret, Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Black-crowned Night Heron, Green Heron, Great Egret, Western Cattle-Egret, Great Blue Heron.

Least Bittern: New binomial name as of July 2024 is Botaurus exilis.

Tricolored Heron: Numerous records, 27 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 22 May-2 June 2025.

Yellow-crowned Night Heron: new common name as of July 2024.

Black-crowned Night Heron: new common name as of July 2024.

Western Cattle-Egret: new common name and binomial name Ardea ibis as of July 2024.

Great Blue Heron (“Great White Heron” form): Three Accepted records, most recent:  12-13 September 2022.

White Ibis: At least 20 records, 18 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  10-11 July 2024.

Swallow-tailed Kite: Numerous records, 17 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  21-31 August 2022.  Now removed from the Review List.

Cooper’s Hawk: New binomial name as of August 2025 is Astur cooperii.

American Goshawk: Numerous records, eight Accepted since attaining Review List status in 2013.  Most recent:  11 April 2022.  Split from Northern Goshawk by AOS (July 2023).  New binomial name for American Goshawk is Astur atricapillus.

Swainson’s Hawk: At least 11 records, 10 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  24 April 2023.

Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) 1: One record:  13 June 2023, Huron Co.  Accepted to the state list based on photographic evidence from 13 June 2023; other dates present in Ohio yet to be determined from GPS tracking data.  Later found deceased in West Virginia.  Insert between Rough-legged Hawk and Barn Owl.

American Barn Owl: new common name and new binomial name Tyto furcata as of July 2024.

Gyrfalcon: Numerous records, five Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  2 January-20 February 2022.

Prairie Falcon: At least seven records, six Accepted since 1991. Most recent:  30 September 2021-          1 February 2022.

Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens) 2—One record:  7 November 2022, Cuyahoga Co.  Accepted to the state list February 2023 based on photographic evidence.  Insert between Carolina Parakeet and Great-crested Flycatcher.

Western Kingbird: Numerous records, 18 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  4 September 2022.  Now removed from the Review List.

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher: Numerous records, 15 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  18 October 2023.

Western Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis) 2: Three records, all since 2015.  Most recent: 29 November 2025.  Pacific-slope Flycatcher and Cordilleran Flycatcher lumped by the AOS in July 2023, thereby adding Western Flycatcher to the Ohio list.  Insert between Dusky Flycatcher and Eastern Phoebe.

Say’s Phoebe: 14 records, 13 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  8 April 2024.

Vermilion Flycatcher: Ten records, eight Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: late November 2023-11 January 2024.

Eastern Warbling-Vireo: New common name after AOS split of Warbling Vireo in 2025.

Loggerhead Shrike: Numerous records, 31 Accepted since attaining Review List status in 2002.  Most recent:  16 May 2024.

Black-billed Magpie: At least six records, three Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 10 May 2025.

Boreal Chickadee: About 11 records.  Most recent:  11 March 2023.

Cave Swallow: 27 records, all since 2005.  Most recent: 9 November 2025.

Bohemian Waxwing: Numerous records, 12 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  10 November 2022.

Wrens: The AOS changed the checklist order of these species in 2022.  Ohio species should now be ordered Rock Wren, Bewick’s Wren, Carolina Wren, Northern House Wren, Winter Wren, Sedge Wren, Marsh Wren.

Northern House Wren: New common name as of July 2024.

Townsend’s Solitaire: 12 records, 10 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  21 April 2024.

Northern Wheatear: Six records, five Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 11 January-23 February 2021.

Eurasian Tree Sparrow: Two records:  10 January 2016, Summit Co.; 25 May 2025 (Lucas Co.).

White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) 2: One record, 21 April 2024, Montgomery Co.  Accepted to the state list July 2024 based on photographic evidence.  Insert between Eurasian Tree Sparrow and American Pipit.

Redpoll: New common name as of July 2024, after being lumped with Hoary Redpoll in July 2024.

Hoary Redpoll: Numerous records, 20 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  25 January 2022.  Now removed from the Review List.  Hoary Redpoll species deleted by AOS as of July 2024.

Chestnut-collared Longspur: Two records:  5 May 2018, Lake Co.; 8-11 October 2021, Lake Co.

Spotted Towhee: 13 records, all since 1996.  Most recent: 6-22 January 2025.

Bullock’s Oriole: About six records, three Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  16 April 2022.

Swainson’s Warbler: Numerous records, 22 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 25 April-6 July 2025.

Virginia’s Warbler (Leiothlypis virginiae) 2: One record, 13 May 2025, Cuyahoga Co.  Accepted to the state list in July 2025 based on photographic evidence.  Insert between Nashville Warbler and Connecticut Warbler.

Black-throated Gray Warbler: At least 13 records, 10 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  23 December 2023-12 January 2024.

Townsend’s Warbler: Six records, four Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  11 May 2024.

Western Tanager: At least 17 records, 16 Accepted since 1991.  Most recent:  7 May 2022.  Now removed from the Review List.

Black-headed Grosbeak: At least nine records, six Accepted since 1991.  Most recent: 20 February 2025.

Lazuli Bunting (Passerina amoena) 2: One record, 4 January-27 February 2025, Meigs Co.  Accepted to the state list in March 2025 based on photographic evidence.  Insert between Blue Grosbeak and Indigo Bunting.

The Conservation Committee of the Ohio Ornithological Society is dedicated to helping people like you help birds. Here are just a few of the projects we have supported in the last few years with dollars from OOS memberships and other donations:

• Kestrel and Tree Swallow next boxes on the Reclaimed Surface-mined lands around The Wilds
• A high-tech Motus wildlife tracking station along Lake Erie
• Support for a volunteer day to remove invasive plants from important bird habitat in a Preble County Park.
• Supplies for an ongoing Herring Gull banding project on Lake Erie.
• Purple Martin nesting gourds in Delaware County.
• Construction of Chimney Swift Towers in Lorain, Cuyahoga, and Muskingum
  County
• Prothonotary Warbler Research at the Black Swamp Bird Observatory

All OOS officers and committee members donate their time, and the groups we support depend upon volunteers to carry out their projects. Just last weekend I visited volunteer members of the Friends of Dillon State Park, who were busy constructing a Chimney Swift Tower they will install on
park grounds in the coming months. The OOS Conservation Committee covered the costs of the supplies; all other expenses will be covered by the volunteers and Park staff. Every penny you give goes directly to helping the birds of Ohio.

Please consider a donation to the OOS Conservation Fund, the Youth Education Fund, the General Education Fund, or the Doreene Linzell Fund

OOS Seeks Nominees and Volunteers for Open Positions

Several key positions for the OOS (Ohio Ornithological Society) are currently open or soon will be open as leaders and volunteers move on from the club.  In response, the OOS Board continues to seek volunteers/nominees from within both membership and the Ohio birding community who are willing and able to fill those roles for the continuation and success of the OOS.  Roles on the Board that are opening include the President, Vice President and Recording Secretary as well as Regional Director positions for the Northeast, Northwest, and the Central regions.  Operational roles that are open and require some amount of knowledge or experience include Membership Coordinator and Webmaster.

The Board has spent several months seeking nominees for President as well as the two operational positions.  While the other open positions are important, finding candidates for the President, Membership Coordinator and Webmaster are critical to the ongoing operations of the Society.  The annual Membership Meeting for 2022 is being scheduled for November 19, 2022 in the Toledo area (details will be shared soon) and our fervent hope is to have strong candidates nominated for all our open Board positions by that point.  The operational positions may be filled at any time.

If you or someone you know is interested in any of these roles, nominations or recommendations may be shared with our Volunteer Coordinator Kisa Weeman (kweeman96@gmail.com) or Executive Secretary Sue Evanoff (bird2xs@outlook.com).  In addition, questions regarding these roles and their related duties may be directed to either Kisa or Sue.  Without candidates for these roles, more significant changes may be required to the organization.  Our hope is that strong candidates will be identified securing a healthy future for the OOS.  We welcome your input through this transition.

Ohio Bird Records Committee Summary 2021

The Ohio Bird Records Committee (OBRC) had a productive year in 2021. Due to a complicated series of circumstances, the committee had not functioned effectively for several years. Late in 2020, OBRC founder Robert Harlan asked Jon Cefus if he was willing to take the role of secretary in an effort to try to get the committee functioning again. Jon Cefus agreed to take the role of secretary with Robert Harlan in the role of vice-secretary to help facilitate the process and provide guidance about procedures and adherence to the OBRC bylaws.

The membership of the committee in 2021 included Jon Cefus (Secretary), Robert Harlan (Vice Secretary), Jen Brumfield, Tom Kemp, Steve Landes, Ben Morrison, Steve Schafer, Ben Warner, and Brian Wulker.

The first task for the secretary and vice secretary was to determine if the current members of the committee were willing to continue their tenure. All the members agreed.

The second task was to prioritize what records should be reviewed as there was a growing number that had not been addressed. The secretary and vice secretary deemed that new state records in Ohio should be the first priority. The second priority was to review records that would have an impact on the presence of rare species in Ohio since the last publication of The Ohio Bird Records Committee Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Ohio in 2008, as there is intent to publish an updated edition of that checklist in 2022.

Integral to achieving the above goals, it was determined that some emendations to the OBRC bylaws would be necessary. A proposal was put forth to emend the Bylaws of the OBRC to better reflect recent trends in observations of birds in Ohio and to help the records committee work more efficiently. In the past, the threshold for a species to be removed from the review species list was that the accepted record frequency was fewer than TWO records per year for the most recent 10-year period. A vote was taken, and the following emendation accepted by the committee establishing the criteria of an Ohio review species as:

“Review List criteria are as follows:
(a) Any species for which there is no Accepted record for the state is automatically a Review List species;
(b) Any species for which the Accepted frequency is less than ONE record per year (for the most recent ten year period) is automatically a Review List species;
(c) Any species not falling within the above two categories may be added to the Review List, after relevant discussion, if a majority of the Committee so agrees.”

The first batch of records to review was sent to the OBRC in March 2021. This batch of 20 records represented 10 new potential state records, as well as several 2nd and 3rd state records. The committee unanimously voted to accept all 10 of the new state records, bringing the official list of accepted species in Ohio to 443 and a species pair. The 10 species added to the list of OBRC accepted records in Ohio are:
Black-chinned Hummingbird, Limpkin, Slaty-backed Gull, Brown Booby, White-tailed Kite, Tropical Kingbird, Gray Kingbird, Chestnut-collared Longspur, Brewer’s Sparrow, and Hooded Oriole.

The emendation to the bylaws that set the standard for what constitutes a review species for the OBRC (see above) resulted in 22 species being removed from the review species list in 2021. The 22 species are:
Black-bellied Whistling Duck, Trumpeter Swan (a separate vote covered below), White-winged Dove, Yellow Rail, Piping Plover, Ruff*, Black-headed Gull, California Gull, Pacific Loon, Neotropic Cormorant, Brown Pelican, Glossy Ibis, White-faced Ibis, Mississippi Kite, Loggerhead Shrike*, Fish Crow, Cave Swallow*, Varied Thrush, Smith’s Longspur, Harris’s Sparrow, Kirtland’s Warbler, and Painted Bunting.

In the list above, the (*) indicates that the committee voted to place that species, which had met the threshold for removal from the review species list, back on to the list of review species in Ohio. For Ruff, the rationale was that it remains a rare bird in the American Birding Association Area in North America. Loggerhead Shrike populations continue to decline in our part of the country. Cave Swallows are generally seen over Lake Erie at long distances in the late fall/early winter, presenting challenges getting to a definitive identification.

The OBRC continued to vote on batches of review species through 2021. In the end, the committee voted on 6 batches of review species. The batches added up to reviewing 127 records. These records were gleaned from 2 sources. The first source is the OBRC portal provided by the Ohio Ornithological Society’s website. Those records were sent to the OBRC by individuals who saw a bird and sent written documentation about their sightings. If needed, supporting documentation (e.g. photos, audio recordings) was sent to bolster the report. The second source are reports generated in eBird by observers using that citizen science tool. Many eBird users take photographs or make recordings of their sightings, particularly of rare birds, which are often review species in Ohio. In order to help facilitate the work of the secretary at gleaning these review species reports, the team of eBird reviewers in Ohio are asked to find the best reports in their respective areas of review species and submit them to the secretary to be entered into batches of records to be reviewed. The trend seems to be that birders are using less paper submissions of review species to the OBRC (and presumably other state records committees), so finding ways to get reports via sources like eBird will be essential going forward.

Of the above 127 records reviewed by the OBRC in 2021, 123 were accepted by the committee votes. 3 records were not accepted. 1 record was placed into recirculation status and remains unresolved as of the generation of this report. The committee will continue discussion about this record in 2022.

In addition to casting votes on the above records, the OBRC also met the goal of taking up the question of whether to remove Trumpeter Swan (TRUS) from the list of review species in Ohio. After gathering information regarding the status of TRUS in Ohio historically, its introduction to the state in 1996, and its breeding status/presence since that year, the committee voted unanimously (9-0) to remove it from the list of review species in Ohio. The evidence is clear that TRUS has successfully established a presence in Ohio. A more detailed report discussing the full rationale was published on the OBRC Facebook page and posted on the Ohio Birds email listserv. An article is also being published in the Ohio Cardinal, the repository of Ohio’s birding records.

In regard to the coming publication of a new Ohio Bird Records Committee Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Ohio, author Robert Harlan reported to the secretary on December 2, 2021 that his work gathering the most up to date data for that project was complete and he, with a great deal of assistance from his wife Sandy, had completed the bar charts for that publication. The secretary will now find someone who can take that data and the bar charts and put them into a format for publishing as a physical handbook. The goal is to have this handbook available in the spring of 2022. The Ohio Ornithological Society agreed several years ago to pay the costs of having this new annotated checklist printed.

The final business attended to in 2021 was to find replacements for the 2 committee members whose terms are ending at the end of this calendar year. Tom Kemp and Ben Warner have both contributed a great deal to the committee and brought their experience and knowledge to bear on all the committee’s endeavors. The committee hopes that they will both return to serve in future years. Thank you, Tom and Ben! Nominees were presented to replace these 2 coming vacancies. Alex Eberts and Matt Kemp were nominated by committee members and a vote was taken to accept them as the newest OBRC members. The OBRC voted unanimously to accept their nominations. Thank you to Alex and Matt for their willingness to join the OBRC!

The Ohio Bird Records Committee looks forward to continuing our work in 2022.

Jon Cefus
Secretary, OBRC

RECENT OHIO BIRD RECORDS COMMITTEE ACTION REGARDING THE STATUS OF TRUMPETER SWAN IN OHIO

In October 2021, the nine member peer-review panel Ohio Bird Records Committee (OBRC) voted unanimously to remove Trumpeter Swan from it’s list of Review Species in Ohio, determining that the species is now firmly established here, and is likely to remain as an Ohio resident.   Details of this decision, the thought process behind it, and the current status of Trumpeter Swan in Ohio, follows.

The true status of Trumpeter Swan has long perplexed naturalists in Ohio, but we are not alone…the same is true throughout much of eastern North America.  Since the earliest days of journaling and record keeping, the species has been the subject of conflicting reports, but little hard evidence, across this large area.  For thorough  and well-researched background information, prepared in large part for this Committee years ago by the late Bill Whan, see the articles linked at the end of this review.

In short, there is no direct evidence which indicates that Trumpeter Swan ever nested in Ohio historically, although it certainly was at least a rare migrant through the 1800s.

Trumpeter Swan is already Accepted on the Ohio list (based on historical data) by the OBRC, and has likewise long been accepted by earlier authorities.  This Committee recognizes the last wild Trumpeter Swan in Ohio as being shot in Jackson County in April, 1900.  In this case, “wild” pertains to an individual emanating from a naturally occurring population.  Due to its nearly 100-year absence as a wild species in Ohio, Trumpeter Swan has therefore held a place on the OBRC’s Review List, and received special attention, since the Committee was formed in 1991.

In 1996, however, the Ohio Division of Wildlife, in cooperation with other partners, and in the pattern of other state and provincial wildlife agencies nearby, introduced Trumpeter Swan into Ohio with the intention that it would become a permanent part of Ohio’s avifauna.  This action, of course, added a layer of complexity which affects our abilities to discern the potential “wildness” of Trumpeters seen here…as numbers of Ohio-introduced Trumpeters, their progeny, and introduced and reintroduced emigrants continue to increase here, our ability to detect and discern birds potentially from naturally occurring populations continues to decrease to the point of becoming practically unachievable.  

Nonetheless, the OBRC has retained Trumpeter Swan on the Review List until now, in hopes of gathering data on any potentially wild individuals, but also more realistically to gather information on introduced populations as they might fare locally after direct human intervention had ended.  Over 25 years have now passed since introduction efforts began here in Ohio, and patterns of occurrence have emerged.

Therefore, it seemed appropriate for this Committee to reassess the data concerning the current status of Trumpeter Swan in Ohio, and to vote whether to retain or remove the species from the Review List.  A vote to remove would result in the species no longer receiving special treatment by the Committee.

We have gathered data from numerous sources, including publications by the Ohio Division of Wildlife, eBird, the monthly bird census at Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, The Ohio Cardinal, and numerous knowledgeable individuals.  We are especially grateful for the tireless work done by former OBRC member Dan Sanders on the Committee’s behalf, with his careful determinations of nesting successes of swans across the state.

OHIO DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RELEASE EFFORTS

According to Laura Kearns, Wildlife Biologist with the Ohio Division of Wildlife, 15 Trumpeter Swans were released at Magee Marsh Wildlife Area in 1996.  Additional releases occurring from 1997 to 2003 placed birds at a total of 11 Ohio sites considered to be suitable wetlands, with approximately 150 birds being released in total.  By 2003, 15 breeding pairs statewide fulfilled goals which allowed for a discontinuation of release efforts by the state, although other licensed propagators still exist locally.

Monitoring continued, and by 2013 fulfilled goals (including 35 breeding pairs) allowed Trumpeter Swan to be shifted from the state’s Endangered List to it’s Threatened List, according to ODOW guidelines.  By July 2014, the ODOW tallied 246 individuals statewide, with nearly 140 cygnets being produced in that year alone, and with new locations being utilized by nesting pairs.

Numbers continue to increase, according to the ODOW.  By 2020, 98 pairs were surveyed statewide with 235 cygnets being raised.  Over the previous five years, the state averaged a 14.7% increase in raised cygnets, but in 2020, that number increased to 19.9%.  The total population of Trumpeters in Ohio in 2020 was estimated at 650 individuals, and in 2021, nesting pairs have surpassed the 100 mark.  Nesting range has continued to increase as well, although peak numbers still reside in the northwestern Ohio Lake Erie marshes. 

Also in 2020, 12 Ohio Trumpeters were fitted with GPS-tracking neck collars, and their movements, as well as the movements of over 100 other swans collared in five midwestern states and Manitoba, are now viewable online at <https://trumpeterswan.netlify.app/locations.html>.  Although no ingress or egress of GPS-collared swans has been noted for Ohio (rather, only short-distance tracked movements have been noted here), longer distance movements in other areas indicate that given a larger sample size, movements into and out of Ohio could certainly be occurring (in fact, they are occurring– the Ottawa NWR monthly census has identified two Trumpeters, in 2019 and 2021, with unique wing tag markings establishing origins in Ontario, Canada). 

According to the attainment of ODOW management plan goals, Trumpeter Swan is now eligible to be removed from the state’s Threatened List, although this has not yet occurred.

DATA FROM THE OTTAWA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE MONTHLY BIRD CENSUS 

This census covers a prescribed route, and is run monthly year-round, through the marshes of Ottawa NWR in Ottawa and Lucas counties.  Observers pay special attention to swan numbers of all three local species, and since 2007 have recorded any unique markings visible in the Trumpeters they see.  As such, these surveys provide valuable year-round data, as compiled by the late Ed Pierce and Doug Vogus, who graciously has provided us with the information presented here. 

One nesting pair of swans, “74M” and “1A2”, has been present there since at least 2007 (and are therefore at least 15 years old), all indicative of the nesting potential for this long-lived species in preferred habitat.  Except for an outlier found in 1991, Trumpeters were first detected on the census in 1996, the first year of introduction at adjacent Magee Marsh.  Since then, the species has been found there on almost every monthly survey date. 

We can conveniently break down the census numbers as follows:  during the 5-year period of 1996-2000, a total of 149 swans were tallied.  In the next 5-year period, 2001-2005, 470 swans were tallied; from 2006-2010, 1032 were tallied; from 2011-2015, 1564 were tallied; and from 2016-2020, 6470 were tallied. 

An average of 30 swans were tallied per year during the period of 1996-2000; 2001-2005 averaged 94 per year; 2006-2010 averaged 206 per year; and 2011-2015 increased the average substantially to 313 per year.  Not until the 2016-2020 period did numbers skyrocket, averaging 1294 per year. 

The maximum number of Trumpeters on any date was 408 during January 2020. 

These numbers very clearly show an increase in Trumpeter Swans at Ottawa NWR, and parallel ODOW increases noted above.

DATA FROM THE OHIO CARDINAL AND EBIRD 

From information compiled by Editor Craig Caldwell from eBird and other sources, we can break down data for the past 10 years since 2011.  Observers in an average of 15 Ohio counties per season submitted Trumpeter Swan reports for 2011; by 2014, the average was 23 counties per season; by 2017, the average was 26 counties per season; by 2020, the average was up to 33 counties per season.  For the Winter 2020/21 and Spring 2021 seasons alone, an average of 49 counties reported Trumpeters.  Although an increased number of observers may account for at least a portion of this increase, it also parallels ODOW and ONWR census trajectories, and presumably indicates expanding range necessitated by increasing numbers.

COMMENTS FROM VOTING MEMBERS 

Committee members were asked to comment on their voting decisions.  The following comments are excerpts taken from the votes of various OBRC members: 

1)  “The issue of Trumpeter Swan has long been confusing for the public.  It is now very well established here and should be countable without attempting to determine where it originated from.”

2)  “OBRC’s initial intent of having Trumpeter Swan on the Review species list to gather info on potentially wild individuals seen in Ohio and to gather data on how introduced populations would fare after their introduction by humans was a sound policy.  It seems unlikely that the OBRC could have foreseen how the numbers of Trumpeter Swans in Ohio would expand over the next 30 years from 1991 when it was added to the Committee’s list of review species….We then have a responsibility to inform and educate Ohio’s birding community about our decision and how it affects whether they can add Trumpeter Swan to their various lists in Ohio.”

3)  “This is about a sustained, viable, and expanding population.”

4)  “It is clear that Trumpeter Swans in Ohio are here to stay, at least for the foreseeable future.  It is also clear…that it is now close to impossible to determine if any of the swans in Ohio are truly wild strays and not from the introduced population.”

5)  “I vote to remove Trumpeter Swan from the OBRC Review List…it can be hard to predict how a species’ populations will change over time.  But that’s perfectly okay.  To paraphrase a saying, you go with the data you have, not the data you wish you had.  If the situation changes, the question can be revisited.”

6)  “Simply put, they have been here for more than twenty years…No longer is this species being supplemented by additional release efforts (for some time now) and they don’t rely on humans to continue surviving in the wild.”

7)   “Voting [to remove the species from the Review List] is difficult for me since I never approved of the process that brought them here.  So I will give the victory to the vibrant species, rather than the process.  They are here to stay.”

ON COUNTABILITY IN OHIO 

The issue of countability of Trumpeter Swan in Ohio has come up frequently over the years while the species has resided on the Review List.  Although it may frequently be viewed as determining countability, the OBRC does not directly serve this function.  Rather, according to OBRC Bylaws, the Committee 1) endorses records it determines to be suitable, based on the strength of available evidence, to be included in the historical record; 2) provides a means by which records can gain universal acceptance as scientific data; and 3) establishes standards of observation and reporting against which observers may compare their own techniques. 

So, in reality, the Committee provides guidance on which birds it considers countable, but the actual determination to count is done by birders alone. 

Birders have treated the countability of Trumpeter Swan in Ohio in a variety of ways.  Some have waited to count Trumpeters for their Ohio lists until the OBRC determined that the species was established here.  Others have waited to count the species based on interpretations of American Birding Association listing rules (although these rules have changed over the years and are not always easily interpreted).  See for instance <www.aba.org/aba-area-reintroduced-indigenous-species/>, which seems to indicate that the ABA believes that Trumpeter Swan should already be countable in Ohio despite confusion over the matter of whether the species is truly indigenous here.  Undoubtedly most birders using eBird to record their observations already count Trumpeter here because the platform allows them to be counted.  Of course, many birders and nature enthusiasts see a Trumpeter Swan and automatically count it, without considering any background information. Others have simply counted the species using their own inclinations and judgement.   

With this vote, the Committee acknowledges the establishment of Trumpeter Swan in Ohio and hopes that the decision to remove the species from the Review List will also remove any questions of countability here. 

Although differences of opinion exist regarding whether introduction efforts here were appropriate, one cannot overlook the increasing presence of Trumpeter Swans in Ohio’s wetlands.  Further study is certainly warranted, if only to verify future population numbers, but more importantly to better establish how the presence of Trumpeters affects native species, both competing for the same limited tax dollars, and dwelling in the same precious habitats.  

For the OBRC,

Rob Harlan, Vice Secretary

For background information, see: 

Did Trumpeter Swans Ever Breed in Ohio?

by Bill Whan (2000)

<www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~insrisg/nature/whan_essay.htm> and a 2007 update

<www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~insrisg/nature/WhanTS07.htm> 

Did Trumpeter Swans Ever Breed in Eastern North America?

by Bill Whan and Gerry Rising (2001?)

<www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~insrisg/nature/swans/html>